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本文介绍常用Docker命令，以搭建Web服务器Nginx为例介绍docker相关命令。Docker的安装方法可参考：

基本命令

查看Docker版本信息:

$ docker version

查看Docker系统信息:

$ docker info

从Docker Hub查找镜像

$ docker search 镜像名 # 搜索nginx镜像 $ docker search nginx

拉取镜像

$ docker pull nginx

[root@server server]# docker pull nginx Using default tag: latest latest: Pulling from library/nginx a076a628af6f: plete 0732ab25fa22: plete d7f36f6fe38f: plete f72584a26f32: plete 7125e4df9063: plete Digest: sha256:10b8cc432d56da8b61b070f4c7d2543a9ed17c2b23010b43af434fd40e2ca4aa Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:latest docker.io/library/nginx:latest [root@server server]#

下载指定版本的镜像

$ docker pull nginx:1.19.6

镜像的可用版本可在docker hub中查看：https://hub./ ：

镜像管理

查看所有已下载镜像

$ docker images

[root@server server]# docker images REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE nginx latest f6d0b4767a6c 3 weeks ago 133MB app v1 db282454f6b3 7 months ago 83.1MB <none> <none> 1acc89e1a291 7 months ago 152MB bitnami/mariadb latest 08498502c6b7 7 months ago 319MB bitnami/testlink latest 41feee91d195 7 months ago 826MB prom/prometheus latest 39d1866a438a 7 months ago 142MB mysql 5.7 9cfcce23593a 7 months ago 448MB python 3.7-alpine 6a5ca85ed89b 8 months ago 72.5MB jenkins/jenkins lts 5d1103b93f92 8 months ago 656MB [root@server server]#

删除镜像

$ docker rmi nginx:latest # 或者使用IMAGE ID $ docker rmi f6d0b4767a6c # 强制删除镜像 $ docker rmi -f f6d0b4767a6c

标记本地镜像

$ docker tag nginx:latest nginx:test # 修改镜像名称 $ docker tag nginx:latest nginx_test

[root@server server]# docker images REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE nginx latest f6d0b4767a6c 3 weeks ago 133MB nginx test f6d0b4767a6c 3 weeks ago 133MB [root@server server]# docker tag nginx:latest nginx_test REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE nginx latest f6d0b4767a6c 3 weeks ago 133MB nginx test f6d0b4767a6c 3 weeks ago 133MB nginx_test latest f6d0b4767a6c 3 weeks ago 133MB [root@server server]# docker rmi nginx:test Untagged: nginx:test [root@server server]# docker rmi nginx_test:latest Untagged: nginx_test:latest

将指定镜像打包成 tar 归档文件

$ docker save nginx > nginx_test.tar $ docker save nginx -o nginx_test.tar

导入打包的镜像

$ docker load < nginx_test.tar

查看镜像创建历史

$ docker history nginx

容器管理

运行容器

# 开启nginx服务 $ docker run -p 80:80 -d --name=nginx nginx:latest

-d: 后台运行容器，并返回容器ID
–name: 为容器指定一个名称
-p: 指定端口映射：主机(宿主)端口:容器端口
-v：挂载目录，将主机的目录映射到容器目录

[root@server server]# docker run -p 80:80 -d --name=nginx nginx:latest 651ce76dd80fa58e3cdf2abeb9c08662bfcf68176738bb3881d0bcb851aa1a11 [root@server server]#

浏览器输入服务器IP地址

挂载目录

# 将主机目录/home/server/nginx/html映射到容器目录/usr/share/nginx/html $ docker run -p 80:80 -d --name=nginx -v /home/server/nginx/html:/usr/share/nginx/html nginx:latest

在主机目录/home/server/nginx/html下新建一个index.html文件，输入内容：<h1>Hello World !</h1>

[root@server server]# cd /home/haiyong/nginx/html [root@server html]# vim index.html [root@server html]# cat index.html <h1>Hello World !</h1> [root@server html]#

浏览器刷新

查看运行的容器:

$ docker ps $ docker ps -a

[root@server server]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 651ce76dd80f nginx:latest "/docker-entrypoint.…" 6 minutes ago Up 6 minutes 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp nginx [root@server server]# docker ps -a CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 651ce76dd80f nginx:latest "/docker-entrypoint.…" 8 minutes ago Up 7 minutes 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp nginx 3bab7ac2a2af jenkins/jenkins:lts "/sbin/tini -- /usr/…" 6 months ago Exited (255) 8 days ago 0.0.0.0:8080->8080/tcp, 0.0.0.0:50000->50000/tcp jenkins 2c5ae10a7543 mysql:5.7 "docker-entrypoint.s…" 6 months ago Exited (255) 8 days ago 0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp, 33060/tcp mysql-test [root@server server]#

查看容器中运行的进程

$ docker top nginx

[root@server server]# docker top nginx UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD root 118225 118205 0 22:58 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx -g daemon off; 101 118284 118225 0 22:58 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process

实时监控容器资源消耗

$ docker stats nginx

[root@server server]# docker stats nginx CONTAINER ID NAME CPU % MEM USAGE / LIMIT MEM % NET I/O BLOCK I/O PIDS 651ce76dd80f nginx 0.00% 1.492MiB / 1.777GiB 0.08% 3.97kB / 3.66kB 73.7kB / 24.6kB 2 CONTAINER ID NAME CPU % MEM USAGE / LIMIT MEM % NET I/O BLOCK I/O PIDS 651ce76dd80f nginx 0.00% 1.492MiB / 1.777GiB 0.08% 3.97kB / 3.66kB 73.7kB / 24.6kB 2 CONTAINER ID NAME CPU % MEM USAGE / LIMIT MEM % NET I/O BLOCK I/O PIDS 651ce76dd80f nginx 0.00% 1.492MiB / 1.777GiB 0.08% 3.97kB / 3.66kB 73.7kB / 24.6kB 2 CONTAINER ID NAME CPU % MEM USAGE / LIMIT MEM % NET I/O BLOCK I/O PIDS

查看容器日志

$ docker logs -f nginx

获取容器/镜像的元信息

$ docker inspect nginx $ docker inspect -f ’{{.Id}}’ nginx

-f ： 格式化字符串，输出格式使用Go语言模板。

[root@server server]# docker inspect nginx [ { "Id": "651ce76dd80fa58e3cdf2abeb9c08662bfcf68176738bb3881d0bcb851aa1a11", "Created": "2021-02-02T14:58:47.047835997Z", "Path": "/docker-entrypoint.sh", "Args": [ "nginx", "-g", "daemon off;" ], "State": { "Status": "running", "Running": true, "Paused": false, "Restarting": false, "OOMKilled": false, "Dead": false, "Pid": 118225, "ExitCode": 0, "Error": "", "StartedAt": "2021-02-02T14:58:48.290043299Z", "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z" }, ............................ [root@server server]# docker inspect -f ’{{.Id}}’ nginx 651ce76dd80fa58e3cdf2abeb9c08662bfcf68176738bb3881d0bcb851aa1a11

[root@server server]# docker inspect -f ’{{.State.StartedAt}}’ nginx 2021-02-02T14:58:48.290043299Z

docker inspect返回的容器信息中记录了容器的磁盘挂载目录，可以使用grep命令筛选出Mounts字段内容：

$ docker inspect nginx | grep Mounts -A 10 "Mounts": [ { "Type": "bind", "Source": "/home/server/nginx/html", "Destination": "/usr/share/nginx/html", "Mode": "", "RW": true, "Propagation": "rprivate" } ], "Config": {

查看容器内文件结构及更改

$ docker diff nginx

[root@server server]# docker diff webserver C /etc C /etc/nginx C /etc/nginx/conf.d C /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf C /root A /root/.bash_history C /var C /var/cache C /var/cache/nginx A /var/cache/nginx/client_temp A /var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp A /var/cache/nginx/proxy_temp A /var/cache/nginx/scgi_temp A /var/cache/nginx/uwsgi_temp C /run A /run/nginx.pid

A：添加了文件或目录
B：文件或目录被删除
C：文件或目录被修改

启动，停止容器运行

# 启动已经被停止的容器 $ docker start nginx


# 重启容器

$ docker restart nginx
# 暂停容器中所有的进程

$ docker pause nginx
# 恢复容器中所有的进程

$ docker unpause nginx# 杀掉一个运行中的容器

$ docker kill nginx
# 停止一个运行中的容器

$ docker stop nginx
# 删除容器

$ docker rm nginx

# 强制删除容器 $ docker rm -f nginx

[root@server server]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 651ce76dd80f nginx:latest "/docker-entrypoint.…" 21 hours ago Up 21 hours 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp nginx [root@server server]# docker stop nginx nginx [root@server server]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES [root@server server]# docker start nginx nginx [root@server server]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 651ce76dd80f nginx:latest "/docker-entrypoint.…" 21 hours ago Up 1 second 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp nginx [root@server server]# docker rm nginx Error response from daemon: You cannot remove a running container 651ce76dd80fa58e3cdf2abeb9c08662bfcf68176738bb3881d0bcb851aa1a11. Stop the container before attempting removal or force remove [root@server server]# docker stop nginx nginx [root@server server]# docker rm nginx nginx [root@server server]# docker start nginx Error response from daemon: No such container: nginx Error: failed to start containers: nginx [root@server server]# docker run -p 80:80 -d --name=nginx nginx:latest e0abbac7464794b5f2fbd328b841aaa83ffeff6c2072324b584cbbee4c68c36f

容器交互

在容器中执行命令

$ docker exec -it nginx ls # 开启一个交互模式的终端，exit退出 $ docker exec -it nginx bash # 使用root账号进入容器 $ docker exec -it -u root nginx bash

[root@server server]# docker exec -it nginx ls bin docker-entrypoint.d home media proc sbin tmp boot docker-entrypoint.sh lib mnt root srv usr dev etc lib64 opt run sys var [root@server server]# docker exec -it nginx echo "test" test [root@server server]# docker exec -it nginx bash root@ad4c10c7cec2:/# ls bin dev docker-entrypoint.sh home lib64 mnt proc run srv tmp var boot docker-entrypoint.d etc lib media opt root sbin sys usr root@ad4c10c7cec2:/# exit exit [root@haiyong haiyong]#

复制文件

# 将容器文件拷贝到主机 $ docker cp nginx:/etc/hosts hosts

# 将主机文件拷贝到容器中 $ docker cp hosts nginx:/etc/hosts

–THE END–

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